Modified Radical Mastectomy Journal
Mammography: The Status of Betty Ford's Legacy
Thank you, Mrs. Ford.
In 1974, when she was 56, Betty Ford's doctor found a lump in one of her breasts during a routine physical. At the time, biopsies were not done as a separate procedure to determine the nature of the lesion. Usually, surgical biopsy was done under anesthesia, the tissue examined while the patient was still on the table, and if it was found to be cancerous, a mastectomy was immediately performed. Betty Ford and her husband had just moved into the White House, after Richard Nixon left in disgrace, less than two months before her doctor found the lump. That same day, she and President Ford were scheduled to attend the dedication of a memorial for former president Lyndon Johnson. She put off surgery for 24 hours, and the day after her first physical as First Lady, she underwent a modified radical mastectomy. Talk about a baptism by fire.
The day after her surgery, she asked her husband to make a public announcement of her experience. As she told the American Cancer Society during a speech a year later, "one day I appeared to be fine and the next day I was in the hospital for a mastectomy. It made me realize how many women in the country could be in the same situation." Before journalist Betty Rollin was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1975, before she wrote her book, First You Cry about her own experience with breast cancer, Betty Ford's candor helped to bring the silent scourge of breast cancer into public view. It is not an overestimation to say that single-handedly, she did more for breast cancer awareness than anyone else had up to that point, and that her continued willingness to speak out helped women and men pay attention to possible symptoms, get screened and treated early, and helped save countless lives.
Mammography -- what difference does it really make?
The beginnings of mammography go back to 1913, when it was used not as a prognostic tool, but as part of the post-op pathological examination of tissue removed during mastectomies. In 1930, it began to be used prognostically, to detect cancer before surgery, but it would be more than thirty years before the U.S. Public Health Service would sponsor a conference to report on the reliability and reproducibility of mammography, and to encourage its use as a tool to screen women for breast cancer to enable earlier detection. The Health Insurance Plan of New York would launch a long-term trial to study its effectiveness, and in 1971, published its findings, which demonstrated that screening mammography with five-year follow-up was associated with a reduction in breast cancery mortality of about 30%.
Mastectomy for breast cancer
A mastectomy is surgery to remove a breast in cases of breast cancer. In the past, a radical mastectomy with complete removal of the breast was the standard treatment for breast cancer. But medical breakthroughs over the past two decades have given women more options than ever before. One of those options is breast-conserving therapy. That means some women are able to choose treatment procedures that are far less invasive and just as effective.
What Is a Preventive Mastectomy?
Women who have a high genetic or familial risk of breast cancer may elect to have a preventive mastectomy. Preventive mastectomy is also called prophylactic mastectomy. It may be a total mastectomy with the removal of the entire breast and nipple. Or it may be a subcutaneous mastectomy, where the breast is removed but the nipple is left intact.
Studies show that the occurrence of breast cancer may be reduced by 90% or more after preventive mastectomy in women with high risk for this disease. Sometimes, women who have had breast cancer in one breast will decide to have a preventive mastectomy to remove the other breast. This can reduce the chance of cancer recurrence. In some cases, both breasts are removed. This is called a double mastectomy.
Breast reconstruction can be done at the time of the preventive mastectomy. When it is, it’s called an immediate reconstruction. It can also be scheduled for a later time. When it is, it’s known as delayed reconstruction. During breast reconstruction, the surgeon may use synthetic implants or tissue flaps from another part of the body.
What Is a Partial Mastectomy? Doctors may perform a partial mastectomy for women with stage I or stage II breast cancer.The partial mastectomy is breast-conserving therapy in which the part of the breast containing the tumor is removed. This procedure is then followed by radiation therapy for the remaining breast tissue. With radiation therapy, powerful X-rays target some of the breast tissue. The radiation kills cancer cells and prevents them from spreading.
A lumpectomy removes just the tumor and a small cancer-free area of tissue surrounding the tumor. If cancer cells are found later, the surgeon may remove more of the tissue. This procedure is called re-excision.
Another type of partial mastectomy is called a quadrantectomy. For this procedure, the surgeon removes the tumor and more of the breast tissue than is removed with a lumpectomy.
Modified Radical Mastectomy Journal - Bookshelf
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mastectomy: Definition from Answers.com
mastectomy n. , pl. , -mies . Surgical removal of all or part of a breast, sometimes including excision of the underlying pectoral muscles and